Girii\u015f:<\/h2>\n
Pigleme operasyonlar\u0131, petrol ve gaz end\u00fcstrisindeki boru hatt\u0131 sistemlerinin bak\u0131m\u0131 ve optimizasyonunda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir rol oynamaktad\u0131r. Pig ba\u015flat\u0131c\u0131 ve al\u0131c\u0131 (L&R) sistemleri, boru hatt\u0131 piglerinin yerle\u015ftirilmesi ve geri al\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan temel bile\u015fenlerdir; boru hatlar\u0131n\u0131n temizlenmesi, incelenmesi ve bak\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan \u00f6zel cihazlard\u0131r. Bu makale, pig f\u0131rlat\u0131c\u0131 ve al\u0131c\u0131 sistemlerinin tasarlanmas\u0131, verimli ve g\u00fcvenilir boru hatt\u0131 operasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli teknik parametrelere de\u011finecektir. <\/p>\n
Tasar\u0131m kodu<\/h2>\nAna g\u00f6vde tasar\u0131m\u0131<\/h2>\n
Boru temizleme istasyonu ve boru temizleme tuzaklar\u0131 bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 kap oldu\u011fundan, ASME B\u00f6l\u00fcm VIII B\u00f6l\u00fcm 1’e g\u00f6re uluslararas\u0131 standartlara uygun olarak bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 kap olarak tasarlanabilir. Ancak, daha sonra boru temizleme tuzaklar\u0131na ba\u011flanan boru hatlar\u0131 boru hatt\u0131 tasar\u0131m kurallar\u0131na g\u00f6re tasarlan\u0131rken, farkl\u0131 malzeme s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131, tasar\u0131m fakt\u00f6rleri ve MAWP (Maksimum \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Bas\u0131nc\u0131) nedeniyle \u00e7e\u015fitli uyumsuzluklar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar ve esas olarak boru g\u00f6vdesinin kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 boru hatt\u0131 kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 hesaplan\u0131r. Bu yayg\u0131n bir sorundur ve boru temizleme tuza\u011f\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck boru g\u00f6vdesinin i\u00e7 \u00e7ap\u0131n\u0131n boru hatt\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7 \u00e7ap\u0131yla ayn\u0131 olmas\u0131 temel tasar\u0131m gereksinimidir. <\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/ergil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Pipeline-Pigging-System-img12.png\" "\\"\\"")
<\/p>\n
Domuz tuzaklar\u0131 i\u00e7in en uygun kod genellikle boru hatt\u0131n\u0131n tasar\u0131m koduyla ayn\u0131d\u0131r:<\/p>\n
- \n
- ASME B31.3 (kod) (ABD): Proses boru hatlar\u0131n\u0131n tasar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenler.<\/li>\n
- ASME B31.4 (kod) (ABD): S\u0131v\u0131 boru hatlar\u0131n\u0131n tasar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenler.<\/li>\n
- ASME B31.8 (kod) (ABD): do\u011falgaz boru hatlar\u0131n\u0131n tasar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenler.<\/li>\n
- ISO 13623:2009 (standart): Petrol ve do\u011fal gaz end\u00fcstrilerini – Boru hatt\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131ma sistemlerini d\u00fczenler.<\/li>\n
- BS EN 14161:2011 (standart) (Avrupa): Petrol ve do\u011fal gaz end\u00fcstrilerini – Boru hatt\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131ma sistemlerini d\u00fczenler (ISO 13623:2009’un MOD\u0130F\u0130YE edilmi\u015f versiyonu)<\/li>\n
- ISO 13703:2000 (standart): Petrol ve do\u011fal gaz end\u00fcstrilerini d\u00fczenler – a\u00e7\u0131k deniz \u00fcretim platformlar\u0131nda boru sistemlerinin tasar\u0131m\u0131 ve kurulumu.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Ayr\u0131ca yukar\u0131da listelenmeyen di\u011fer boru hatt\u0131 tasar\u0131m kodlar\u0131 da mevcuttur.<\/p>\n
– H\u0131zl\u0131 a\u00e7ma kapama tasar\u0131m\u0131
H\u0131zl\u0131 a\u00e7ma kapama mekanizmas\u0131, ASME B\u00f6l\u00fcm VIII K\u0131s\u0131m 1 veya 2’ye g\u00f6re tasarlanmal\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in ASME UG-35’e tamamen uyulmal\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\nTasar\u0131m Bas\u0131nc\u0131 ve S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131:<\/h2>\n
Boru hatt\u0131 temizleme cihaz\u0131 (pig launcher and receiver) sisteminin yap\u0131sal b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fini belirlemede tasar\u0131m bas\u0131nc\u0131 ve s\u0131cakl\u0131k parametreleri kritik \u00f6neme sahiptir. Bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, boru hatt\u0131 sistemlerinin \u00e7e\u015fitli bas\u0131n\u00e7 ve s\u0131cakl\u0131klara maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Bu parametreler, g\u00fcvenlik marjlar\u0131 ve d\u00fczenleyici gereklilikler dikkate al\u0131narak, boru hatt\u0131n\u0131n maksimum \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bas\u0131nc\u0131 (MOP) ve s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re dikkatlice se\u00e7ilmelidir. Tasar\u0131m bas\u0131nc\u0131 ve s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fru se\u00e7imi, L&R sisteminin sistem ar\u0131zas\u0131 riski veya g\u00fcvenli\u011fi tehlikeye atmadan boru hatt\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131na dayanabilmesini sa\u011flamaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. <\/p>\n
Tasar\u0131mda dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken domuz kapan\u0131 bile\u015fenleri<\/h2>\n
- \n
- Boru hatt\u0131na ba\u011flant\u0131<\/strong>: Kaynakl\u0131 veya flan\u015fl\u0131 (ana ba\u011flant\u0131 flan\u015f\u0131) olarak belirtilebilir.<\/li>\n
- Ana Namlu:<\/strong> K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck namlu, indirgeyici namlu ve b\u00fcy\u00fck namludan olu\u015fur.<\/li>\n
- H\u0131zl\u0131 a\u00e7ma kapama mekanizmas\u0131:<\/strong> Domuzu domuz kapanlar\u0131na sokmak\/\u00e7\u0131karma amac\u0131yla ana f\u0131\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n ucunda bulunur.<\/li>\n
- Dallanma ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 (ba\u011flant\u0131 nozullar\u0131):<\/strong> Kicker, Bypass, Balance, Purge, PSV ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131, havaland\u0131rma ve drenajlar, Pig sinyalleyici, bas\u0131n\u00e7 ve s\u0131cakl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131<\/li>\n
- Seleler ve destekler<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
1. Boru hatt\u0131na ba\u011flant\u0131:<\/strong><\/h2>\n
\u0130ki t\u00fcr ba\u011flant\u0131 tasarlanabilir;<\/p>\n
- \n
- Kaynakl\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131da, ana tasar\u0131m hususu, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck borunun i\u00e7 \u00e7ap\u0131n\u0131n, boru hatt\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7 \u00e7ap\u0131yla ayn\u0131 olmas\u0131d\u0131r, a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi.<\/li>\n
- Flan\u015f ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131, ba\u011flant\u0131 flan\u015f\u0131 de\u011ferleri ve normlar\u0131, flan\u015flar\u0131n i\u00e7 \u00e7aplar\u0131n\u0131n e\u015fit olmas\u0131 ko\u015fuluyla ayn\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
2. Ana Namlu<\/strong><\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/ergil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Pipeline-Pigging-System-1.png\" "\\"\\"")
K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck tambur, red\u00fckt\u00f6r ve b\u00fcy\u00fck tamburdan olu\u015fur.<\/p>\nBoru hatt\u0131 \u00e7ap\u0131 ve duvar kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131, pig f\u0131rlatma ve alma sisteminin uygun boyut ve konfig\u00fcrasyonunu belirlemede \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli fakt\u00f6rlerdir. Bu parametreler pigin boyutunu etkiler ve bu da pigin boru hatt\u0131nda hareket etme ve ama\u00e7lanan g\u00f6revleri etkili bir \u015fekilde yerine getirme yetene\u011fini etkiler. F\u0131rlatma ve alma sistemi, boru hatt\u0131na veya pigleme ekipman\u0131na s\u0131k\u0131\u015fma veya hasar verme riskini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in pigleri yeterli bo\u015flukla bar\u0131nd\u0131racak \u015fekilde tasarlanmal\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n
K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck boru \u00e7ap\u0131, boru hatt\u0131na ba\u011flant\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda pig aletinin hasar g\u00f6rmesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in ba\u011flant\u0131 boru hatt\u0131 i\u00e7 \u00e7ap\u0131na e\u015fit olmal\u0131d\u0131r.
B\u00fcy\u00fck boru \u00e7ap\u0131 i\u00e7in, yayg\u0131n m\u00fchendislik uygulamalar\u0131, 20 in\u00e7ten k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck boru hatlar\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck boru \u00e7ap\u0131n\u0131n 2 in\u00e7, 20 in\u00e7ten b\u00fcy\u00fck boru hatlar\u0131 i\u00e7in ise 4 in\u00e7 daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olmas\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Bu uygulama, tasar\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n boru hatt\u0131ndan toplanacak ve pigleme i\u015flemiyle uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lacak beklenen \u00e7amur hacminin hesaplanmas\u0131 ve i\u015flem ve proses ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n takip edilmesi gibi \u00f6zel proses ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 dikkate almas\u0131n\u0131 ve hesaplamas\u0131n\u0131 engeller; \u00f6zellikle de ger\u00e7ek boyutu 12 in\u00e7 (ger\u00e7ek boyut 12,75 in\u00e7) olan boru hatlar\u0131 i\u00e7in bu durum ge\u00e7erlidir. <\/p>\nDomuz kapan\u0131n\u0131n uzunlu\u011fu da proses ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma parametreleri dikkate al\u0131narak tasarlanmal\u0131d\u0131r; tasar\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurmas\u0131 gereken en \u00f6nemli husus, genel olarak kullan\u0131labilecek maksimum domuz aleti uzunlu\u011fudur.<\/p>\n
-F\u0131rlat\u0131c\u0131 i\u00e7in<\/strong>
K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck namlu uzunlu\u011fu, maksimum domuz aleti uzunlu\u011funun yar\u0131s\u0131na e\u015fit olmal\u0131d\u0131r.
B\u00fcy\u00fck namlu uzunlu\u011fu, maksimum domuz aleti uzunlu\u011funa e\u015fit olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n-Al\u0131c\u0131 i\u00e7in<\/strong>
K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck namlu uzunlu\u011fu, maksimum domuz aleti uzunlu\u011funun yar\u0131s\u0131na e\u015fit olmal\u0131d\u0131r.
B\u00fcy\u00fck namlu uzunlu\u011fu, maksimum domuz aleti uzunlu\u011funa e\u015fit olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n3. H\u0131zl\u0131 a\u00e7ma kapama<\/strong><\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/ergil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/pipeline-pigging-system-detail-img-9.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
Domuz f\u0131rlatma ve alma sisteminin kapatma tipi, kullan\u0131m kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131, g\u00fcvenlik ve bak\u0131m a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kritik bir tasar\u0131m unsurudur. Yayg\u0131n kapatma tipleri aras\u0131nda h\u0131zl\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lan kapatmalar, di\u015fli kapatmalar ve c\u0131vatal\u0131 flan\u015f kapatmalar bulunur. Se\u00e7ilen kapatma tipi g\u00fcvenilir bir s\u0131zd\u0131rmazl\u0131k sa\u011flamal\u0131, kullan\u0131c\u0131 dostu olmal\u0131 ve gerekli g\u00fcvenlik ve operasyonel gereksinimleri kar\u015f\u0131lamal\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\nLocated on end of major barrel for removing the pig Into \/ Out to the Pig traps. Main requirements of design codes and safety operation requirements like below; <\/p>\n
- \n
- Kapak, bas\u0131n\u00e7 alt\u0131ndayken a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in iki ana mekanik kilitleme sistemiyle donat\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n
- H\u0131zl\u0131 etkili kapatma (kapatma, a\u00e7ma)<\/li>\n
- Tek bir operat\u00f6r taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fletilmektedir.<\/li>\n
- A\u00e7ma konumunda tam delik<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
4. Ba\u011flant\u0131 u\u00e7lar\u0131 (ba\u011flant\u0131 nozullar\u0131)<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Kicker, Bypass, Balance, Purge, PSV ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131, havaland\u0131rma ve tahliye delikleri, bas\u0131n\u00e7 ve s\u0131cakl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131<\/p>\n
\u0130yi tasarlanm\u0131\u015f bran\u015fman ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 ve nozullar, pig f\u0131rlat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ve al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvenli ve verimli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u015fartt\u0131r. Sistem, g\u00fcvenli pig yerle\u015ftirme ve geri alma i\u015flemini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in bas\u0131n\u00e7 ve s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n kontroll\u00fc bir \u015fekilde tahliyesine olanak tan\u0131mal\u0131d\u0131r. Bypass sistemi ayr\u0131ca, bas\u0131n\u00e7 dalgalanmalar\u0131n\u0131 ve boru hatt\u0131na veya pigleme ekipman\u0131na potansiyel hasar\u0131 en aza indirerek, ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n d\u00fczg\u00fcn bir \u015fekilde y\u00f6nlendirilmesini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131d\u0131r.
Bran\u015fman ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n boyutu ve konumu, P&ID ile pigleme istasyonu i\u00e7in proses ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma dikkate al\u0131narak tasarlanmal\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n5. Domuz i\u015faret\u00e7isi<\/strong><\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/ergil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Pig-Signaller-img-33.png\" "\\"\\"")
Domuzun f\u0131rlatma rampas\u0131ndan ge\u00e7i\u015fini g\u00f6steren i\u015faret, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck namlunun ucunda (boru hatt\u0131na ba\u011flant\u0131 noktas\u0131, al\u0131c\u0131 i\u00e7in red\u00fckt\u00f6re ba\u011flant\u0131 noktas\u0131) bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\nDomuzun T\u00fcr\u00fc ve Fonksiyonu:<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Bir pig f\u0131rlatma ve alma sistemi tasarlan\u0131rken, pigin \u00f6zel t\u00fcr\u00fc ve i\u015flevi dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7e\u015fitli pig t\u00fcrleri mevcuttur; bunlar aras\u0131nda genel ama\u00e7l\u0131 pigler (temizlik ve at\u0131k giderme i\u00e7in), hat i\u00e7i denetim pigleri (boru hatt\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011ferlendirmek i\u00e7in) ve \u00f6zel pigler (s\u0131zd\u0131rmazl\u0131k veya gruplama gibi \u00f6zel g\u00f6revler i\u00e7in) yer al\u0131r. L&R sistemi, optimum performans ve verimlilik sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in belirli pig t\u00fcr\u00fcne ve i\u015flevine uygun olarak tasarlanmal\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Domuz yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finde kullan\u0131lan ba\u015fl\u0131ca aletler, i\u015flevlerine g\u00f6re \u015fu \u015fekilde s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n
- \n
- denetleme<\/li>\n
- bak\u0131m ve onar\u0131m<\/li>\n
- yenileme rehabilitasyonu<\/li>\n
- Devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakma<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
G\u00fcvenlik \u00d6zellikleri:<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, boru temizleme cihaz\u0131 f\u0131rlatma ve alma sistemlerine kapsaml\u0131 g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6zelliklerinin entegre edilmesinin \u00f6nemini vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bas\u0131n\u00e7 tahliye cihazlar\u0131, kilitleme mekanizmalar\u0131 ve acil durum kapatma sistemleri gibi g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6zellikleri, boru temizleme cihaz\u0131 f\u0131rlatma ve alma tasar\u0131m\u0131na dahil edilmelidir. Bu \u00f6zellikler, operat\u00f6rleri ve ekipman\u0131, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bas\u0131n\u00e7, boru temizleme cihaz\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 veya boru hatt\u0131 i\u00e7eri\u011finin kazara sal\u0131nmas\u0131 gibi boru temizleme i\u015flemleriyle ili\u015fkili potansiyel tehlikelerden korumaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. <\/p>\n
\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm:<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Boru hatt\u0131 operasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n verimli, g\u00fcvenilir ve g\u00fcvenli bir \u015fekilde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in, bir boru hatt\u0131 temizleme sistemi (pig launcher and receiver) tasarlamak \u00e7e\u015fitli parametrelerin dikkatlice de\u011ferlendirilmesini gerektirir. Tasar\u0131m bas\u0131nc\u0131 ve s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, boru hatt\u0131 \u00e7ap\u0131, pig tipi ve i\u015flevi, g\u00f6vde uzunlu\u011fu, kapatma tipi, baypas ve havaland\u0131rma sistemi ve g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6zellikleri gibi fakt\u00f6rler dikkate al\u0131narak, m\u00fchendisler belirli boru hatt\u0131 gereksinimlerine g\u00f6re uyarlanm\u0131\u015f sa\u011flam ve etkili bir pig f\u0131rlatma ve alma sistemi geli\u015ftirebilirler. <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
- Ana Namlu:<\/strong> K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck namlu, indirgeyici namlu ve b\u00fcy\u00fck namludan olu\u015fur.<\/li>\n
- Boru hatt\u0131na ba\u011flant\u0131<\/strong>: Kaynakl\u0131 veya flan\u015fl\u0131 (ana ba\u011flant\u0131 flan\u015f\u0131) olarak belirtilebilir.<\/li>\n